Answer:
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Explanation
which of the following will change the pressure in a reaction involving only gases at equilibrium? select all that apply. multiple select question.
A reactant or product being added to or removed Variations in the container's volume Addition of an inert gas
How would you define "gasses" in this situation?Dangerous gas emissions are also coming from the planet's surface. Human activity has caused the atmosphere's quantities of carbon dioxide, methane, tropospheric ozone, and nitrous oxide to rise dramatically above pre-industrial levels.
In the singular, what does the word "gas" mean?The plural version of the word "gas" is "gase," and it refers to a substance that expands to fill any container. Many distinct meanings can be assigned to third-person present tense verbs, such as "gasses."
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a sample of carbon dioxide gas at 311 k and 0.956 atm occupies a volume of 1.12 l. if the pressure of the gas is decreased, while at the same time it is heated to a higher temperature, the final gas volume
The final volume will be larger than 1.12L.
What is ideal gas equation?
The Ideal Gas Law is an equation of state for a gas and is also known as the equation of state of an ideal gas. It states that the product of the pressure, volume, and temperature of an ideal gas is a constant. Mathematically, the Ideal Gas Law can be written as PV = nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the number of moles of the gas, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is temperature. The constant R is equal to the gas constant, 8.314 J/mol-K, divided by the molar mass of the gas. The Ideal Gas Law is an approximation of the behavior of many gases under many different conditions. It is useful because it relates the variables of pressure, volume, and temperature in a simple mathematical relationship.
PV=nRT
Using ideal gas equation
V2= P1V1/T1 ×T2/P2
In this equation P2 is in denominator so when pressure is decreased V2 increases.
T2 is in numerator so when temperature increases V2 increases.
Overall V2 increases.
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The final gas volume will increase
Define the ideal gas law.
The ideal gas law, also known as the perfect gas law, is a relationship between a gas's pressure P, volume V, and temperature T in the range of low pressures and high temperatures where the gas's molecules move virtually independently of one another.
The ideal gas law (PV = nRT) connects the macroscopic characteristics of ideal gases. An ideal gas is one in which the particles are both non-repellent and non-attractive to one another (have no volume).
PV = nRT
P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2
From tis .pressure is directly proportional to volume
So if pressure is decreased, volume also decreases
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It is observed that the reaction producing KCl from its elements goes essentially to completion. Which of the following is a true statement about the thermodynamic favorability of the reaction?
If the reaction producing KCl from its elements goes essentially to completion, it is likely that the reaction is thermodynamically favorable. This means that the reaction will proceed spontaneously and release energy as it occurs.
Thermodynamic favorability is determined by the change in the enthalpy (heat) and the change in the entropy (disorder) of the system. If the change in enthalpy is negative (exothermic) and the change in entropy is positive (increase in disorder), the reaction is likely to be thermodynamically favorable.
In general, reactions that are thermodynamically favorable are more likely to occur spontaneously and go to completion, while reactions that are thermodynamically unfavorable are less likely to occur spontaneously and may not go to completion. However, other factors, such as the presence of catalysts or the rate at which the reaction occurs, can also affect the likelihood of a reaction occurring.
If the reaction producing KCl from its elements goes essentially to completion, it is likely that the reaction is thermodynamically favorable. This means that the reaction will proceed spontaneously and release energy as it occurs.
Thermodynamic favorability is determined by the change in the enthalpy (heat) and the change in the entropy (disorder) of the system. If the change in enthalpy is negative (exothermic) and the change in entropy is positive (increase in disorder), the reaction is likely to be thermodynamically favorable.
In general, reactions that are thermodynamically favorable are more likely to occur spontaneously and go to completion, while reactions that are thermodynamically unfavorable are less likely to occur spontaneously and may not go to completion. However, other factors, such as the presence of catalysts or the rate at which the reaction occurs, can also affect the likelihood of a reaction occurring.
Which student’s observations would prove more useful to a chemist?
Answer:
Because a statistic is based on data gathered through random sampling, which is a random experiment, it is a random variable. Therefore, Luisa's observations would prove more useful to a chemist.
Explanation:
Which atomic model is the one accepted by scientists today?
A) Dalton's model
B) Rutherford's model
C) quantum mechanical model
D) Bohr's model
How many molecules are in a 0.00583 mole sample of H₂O?
Answer:
3.51 x 10²¹ molecules H₂O
Explanation:
To find the amount of molecules in the sample, you need to multiply the amount of moles by Avogadro's Number. Avogadro's Number is a ratio comparing the amount of molecules per every 1 mole. It is important to arrange the ratio in a way that allows for the cancellation of units (moles should be in the denominator). The final answer should have 3 sig figs like the given value (0.00583 = 3 sig figs).
Avogadro's Number:
6.022 x 10²³ molecules = 1 mole
0.00583 moles H₂O 6.022 x 10²³ molecules
-------------------------------- x -------------------------------------- = 3.51 x 10²¹ molecules
1 mole
Use coefficients to increase the atoms on each side.
Check to make sure you have the same number of each type of atom on each side. Count the atoms on each side.
Identify the atoms on each side.
opit
1
2
3
4
By counting the atoms on each side, the right order for solving the equation will be 3, 4, 2, and 1. Decide which atoms are on each side, make sure there are an equal number of each sort of atom on each side, and then utilize coefficients to add more atoms to each side.
What does "balanced chemical reaction" mean?The number of atoms involved in the reactants and products sides of the chemical equation must match for the equation to be considered balanced.
In this particular chemical process, for instance, nitrogen (N2) and hydrogen (H) combine to create ammonia (NH3). Nitrogen and hydrogen are the reactants, and ammonia is the end result.
Chemical reactions must be in balance in order to adhere to the law of conservation of mass, which stipulates that mass cannot be created or destroyed.
the proper method for calculating the number of atoms on either side of the equation. Make a list of the atoms on each side.
Check to make sure that each side has the same number of each sort of atom, and then use coefficients to add more atoms to each side.
As a result, 3, 4, 2, and 1 are the proper order.
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Calculate the standard cell potential for each reaction below, and note whether the reaction is spontaneous under standard state conditions.
(a) Mg(s) + Ni2+(aq)⟶ Mg2+(aq) + Ni(s)
(b) 2Ag+(aq) + Cu(s)⟶ Cu2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)
(c) Mn(s) + Sn(NO3)2(aq)⟶ Mn(NO3)2(aq) + Sn(s)
(d) 3Fe(NO3)2(aq) + Au(NO3)3(aq)⟶ 3Fe(NO3)3(aq) + Au(s)
The standard cell potential (also known as the standard electrode potential) is a measure of the potential difference between two electrodes in an electrochemical cell under standard state conditions.
(a) Standard Cell Potential for Mg(s) + Ni2+(aq)⟶ Mg2+(aq) + Ni(s):
E0cell = (0.79 - (-0.25))V = 1.04 V.
This reaction is spontaneous under standard state conditions.
(b) Standard Cell Potential for 2Ag+(aq) + Cu(s)⟶ Cu2+(aq) + 2Ag(s):
E0cell = (0.34 - (-0.52))V = 0.86 V.
This reaction is spontaneous under standard state conditions.
(c) Standard Cell Potential for Mn(s) + Sn(NO3)2(aq)⟶ Mn(NO3)2(aq) + Sn(s):
E0cell = (0.15 - (-0.14))V = 0.29 V.
This reaction is spontaneous under standard state conditions.
(d) Standard Cell Potential for 3Fe(NO3)2(aq) + Au(NO3)3(aq)⟶ 3Fe(NO3)3(aq) + Au(s):
E0cell = (1.23 - (-1.50))V = 2.73 V.
This reaction is spontaneous under standard state conditions.
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7. Are the following chemical equations balanced or unbalanced? Balance
any unbalanced equations.
a. 2KClO3 → KCl +30₂
b. Fe+O₂ → FeO
c. 2Li+ Cl₂ → 2LiCl
d. NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl
Answer:
a. 2KClO3 → 2KCl + 3O2
Explanation:
explain in at least one full paragraph how your calculated molar mass of butane compares to the actual molar mass of butane, 58.12 g/mol. in your discussion, talk about sources of error in the experimental design.
Butane's experimental molar mass is 0.23 g/0.0040 moles, or 58 g/mole.13. The molecular formula for butane is C4H10.Calculate its molar mass.58.1 g/mole
How can you determine a molecule's true mass?We may determine the atomic weights of the elements using their periodic tables, and we discover the hydrogen has had an atomic mass of 1, while that of oxygen is 16.We sum the contributions out of each atom to determine the molecular weight with one water molecule, which is 2(1) + 1(16) = 18 grams/mole.
In what context is relative molar weights used?The ratio of a average mass with one molecule of the a compound or element to one-twelfth the mass of an atom or carbon-12 is known as the relative molecular mass.Ar has a mass number that is the same as its numerical value.
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How many grams are in 0.0823 moles of Ar? given; unknown:
Answer:
3.2877204
Explanation:
Arrange the sequence of reactions that occur in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA in the correct order: 1) The anion of the hydroxyethyl group attacks one sulfur of the disulfide in lipoic acid, and the resulting intermediate is oxidized to an acetyl thioester. 2) FAD is reduced to FADH2, while the two thiols of reduced lipoic acid are reoxidized back to a disulfide. 3) FADH2 is oxidized by NAD+. 4) Thiamine pyrophosphate decarboxylates pyruvate to yield hydroxyethyl-TPP. 5) The thioester derived from lipoic acid transfers its acetyl group to CoA.
The right order of processes for converting pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is by the decarboxylation of pyruvate by thiamine pyrophosphate to produce hydroxyethyl-TPP.
Why is decarboxylation crucial?Given that no heat is introduced when edibles, tinctures, or other consumable products are made, decarboxylation one of the most crucial processes. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol, two of the plant's most important cannabinoids, are activated by decarbing (CBD).
Is decarboxylation required for edibles?To get high from any cannabis product, decarboxylation must occur. The decarboxylation procedure is still required in order to activate the marijuana in the edible before intake even if eating edibles doesn't include heat like smoking a joint or using a vape pen.
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list the different types of atomic spectrometers
The different types of atomic spectrometers are emission spectrometer, absorption spectrometer and continuous spectrometer which give emission spectrum, absorption and continuous spectrum respectively.
What is an emission spectrum?Emission spectrum is defined as a spectrum of a chemical compound or substance composed of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation. Radiations which are emitted while electron make transition from higher to lower energy level.
Energy of photon is equal to the difference between the two energy states . There are many possible electronic transitions in an atom and every transition has a specific wavelength.
Collection of different transitions with respect to different wavelengths makes up an emission spectrum.Emission spectrum of each element is unique and therefore spectroscopy is used to identify elements which are present in different substances.
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In each reaction box, select the best reagent and conditions from each list. 1. reagent 1 2. reagent 2 3. reagent 3 Br
AlCl3-CH3Cl is the right response, 1) 2) HNO3 and H2SO4 at ambient temperature 3) HNO3-H2SO4 fuming at temperatures of 90–100 0 C. I believe that benzene is being converted in this process to 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene.
Give an example of reagent.A reagent is a chemical or combination that is used to determine if another material is present or absent, typically by observing a change in color, or to calculate the concentration of a substance.
A chemical reaction's reagent is what?In the field of chemical chemistry, a reagent is defined as "a material or compound given to a system in order to bring about a chemical reaction or is added to verify whether a reaction has happened or not." The presence of another chemical can be detected and confirmed using a response like this.
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Researchers investigated the influence of environmental pH on the activity of peroxidase, an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen gas. In an experiment, the researchers added a hydrogen peroxide solution containing guaiacol to several identical test tubes and adjusted the solution in each test tube to a different pH . The researchers included the guaiacol because it caused the solutions to change color as the reactions proceeded, which the researchers relied on for measuring reaction rates. Finally, the researchers added the same amount of peroxidase to each test tube and measured the rate of each reaction at 23°C . The results of the experiment are represented in Figure 1.
Based on Figure 1, which of the following statements best predicts the effect that a change from a moderately acidic environment ( pH near 6) to a basic environment will have on peroxidase activity?
O Peroxidase activity will decrease.
O Peroxidase activity will increase.
O Peroxidase activity will stay the same.
O Peroxidase activity will increase at first and then decrease.
Based on Figure 1, the following statement best predicts the effect that a change from a moderately acidic environment ( pH near 6) to a basic environment will have on peroxidase activity:
Peroxidase activity will decrease.
What is Peroxidase activity?Peroxidases are the most common enzyme and are thought to exist in every living genus. They produce reactive oxygen species and catalyse peroxide reduction. In the current study, we showed that insect infestation causes peroxidase activity in sap and total soluble protein of plant leaves.
For this study, three significant crop plants—cotton, cowpea, and the tomato—were used. Peroxidase activity in the sap and TSP of all the studied plants increased by 1.6 to 3.14 times after chewing insect infestation.
Similar findings were made when sap-sucking insects were fed, increasing the peroxidase activity of the sap and TSP by 1.8 to 2.53 fold. In-gel peroxidase assay confirmed the increased peroxidase activity.
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The percent composition of a given element in a compound is the number of _______ in one mole of that compound.
The percent composition of a given element in a compound is the number of molar mass in one mole of that compound.
What is meant the percent composition of a compound?The percentage of each element in a compound measured by mass is known as the composition. A compound's chemical formula can also be used to estimate its % makeup. To start, the formula's subscripts are employed to determine how much of each element there is in a mole of the compound.
How can you determine an element's percentage makeup in a compound?Percentage Composition. Find the molar mass in grams per mole of each component in the compound. Find the compound's total molecular weight. Divide the total molecular mass by the molar mass of the component. Your new number will range from 0 to 1. To obtain the percent composition, multiply it by 100%.
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Name the following compound: CH3CH2CH3
The following compound: CH3CH2CH3 is propane and this a hydrocarbon and is alkane. Propane seems as a drab fueloline with a faint petroleum-like odor.
The vapors are heavier than air and a flame can flash returned to the supply of leak very easily. The leak can be both a liquid or vapor leak. The vapors can asphyxiate through the displacement of air. Under extended publicity to hearthplace or warmness the boxes might also additionally rupture violently and rocket.
CH3 CH2 CH3 is a compound referred to as a hydrocarbon, greater in particular an alkane. The not unusualplace call for this compound is propane, that is a form of fueloline extensively used as a gasoline supply. It is a hydrocarbon as it includes best hydrogen and carbon atoms.
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SO2(g)+Cl2(g)⇌SO2Cl2(g)
K=6.9×10−6 at 1000 K
If a reaction mixture initially contains 0.760 bar each of SO2 and Cl2, what is the partial pressure of SO2Cl2 at equilibrium?
Answer:
At equilibrium, the partial pressure of a gas is equal to the product of its equilibrium constant and the partial pressure of the other gases it reacts with. In this case, the equilibrium constant is given as K=6.9×10−6 at 1000 K, and the partial pressure of SO2 and Cl2 are both 0.760 bar. Therefore, the partial pressure of SO2Cl2 at equilibrium is:
6.9×10−6 * 0.760 bar * 0.760 bar = 4.3×10−8 bar
So the partial pressure of SO2Cl2 at equilibrium is 4.3×10−8 bar.
There are so many types of chemical reaction reaction like combination reaction, double displacement reaction. To solve such this we must know the concept of equilibrium reaction. Therefore, the partial pressure of SO[tex]_2[/tex]Cl[tex]_2[/tex] at equilibrium is 4.3×10⁻⁸bar.
What is chemical reaction?Chemical reaction is a process in which two or more than two molecules collide in right orientation and energy to form a new chemical compound. The mass of the overall reaction should be conserved.
The balanced equation can be written as
SO[tex]_2[/tex](g)+Cl[tex]_2[/tex](g)⇌SO[tex]_2[/tex]Cl[tex]_2[/tex](g)
K=partial pressure of SO[tex]_2[/tex]Cl[tex]_2[/tex] ÷(partial pressure of SO[tex]_2[/tex] × partial pressure of Cl[tex]_2[/tex] )
Substituting all the given values, in the above equation, we get
6.9×10⁻⁶ = (0.760 bar × 0.760 bar)÷partial pressure of SO[tex]_2[/tex]Cl[tex]_2[/tex]
= 4.3×10⁻⁸bar
Therefore, the partial pressure of SO[tex]_2[/tex]Cl[tex]_2[/tex] at equilibrium is 4.3×10⁻⁸bar.
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One mole of oxygen gas is at a temperature of 30°C. If the gas is heated at constant volume until the pressure triples, what is the final temperature?
A. 60°C
B. 50°C
C. 363 K
D. 423 K
tysm! :)
Considering the Gay-Lussac's law, the final temperature when the gas is heated at constant volume until the pressure triples is 909 K or 636° C.
Gay-Lussac's lawGay-Lussac's law establishes the relationship between the temperature and pressure of a gas when the volume is constant. This law says that the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature: if the temperature increases, the pressure will increase, while if the temperature decreases, the pressure will decrease.
Mathematically, Gay-Lussac's law states that the ratio between pressure and temperature always had the same value:
P÷ T= k
where
P is the pressure.T is the temperature.k is a constant.Analyzing an initial state 1 and a final state 2, it is fulfilled:
P₁÷ T₁= P₂÷ T₂
Final temperatureIn this case, you know that the gas is heated at constant volume until the pressure triples. This is, P₂=3×P₁
Replacing in Gay-Lussac's law:
P₁÷ T₁= (3×P₁)÷ T₂
T₂× (P₁÷ T₁)=(3×P₁)
T₂= (3×P₁)÷ (P₁÷ T₁)
T₂= 3×T₁
If one mole of oxygen gas is at a temperature of 30°C of 303 K (being 0 C= 273 K), then:
T₂= 3×303 K
T₂= 909 K = 636° C
Finally, the final temperature is 909 K or 636° C.
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Start at a graded potential then explain as it turns into an action potential and ends in release of a neurotransmitter. include chemically gated channels, voltage gated channels, sodium gates, potassium gates, and sodium potassium pump, nodes, myelin, and saltatory conduction in your answer.
All of the gated potassium and sodium channels are shut off during the resting state (the period preceding an action potential).
What impacts the body does salt have?A little amount of sodium is needed by the human body to convey nerve impulses, contract & relax muscles, and keep the right ratio of water and minerals. We are thought to require 500 mg of sodium everyday for these essential processes.
What does food sodium mean?
Many foods include the mineral sodium. Your body needs salt to maintain healthy neuron and muscle function. The balance of body fluids is also maintained. Sodium chloride is used to make the majority of table salts. Therefore, salt used to season or prepare food typically contains sodium.
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If the following rate constant, Kf, and the reverse rate constant, Kr, for a chemical reaction are NOT equal, which must be true.
a: The reaction will be unable to acheive equilibrium
b: Kf and Kr will become equal as equilibrium is approached owing to concentration changes.
c: Kf and Kr will become equal as equilibrium is approached owing to temperature changes
d: Kf and Kr will remain unequal bot rates will become equal owing to concentration changes
e: Kf and Kr will remain unequal but the rates will become equal owing to temperature changes
d. Despite the fact that kf and kr will continue to be unequal, rates will become equal due to concentration changes.
At equilibrium, are Kf & Kr equivalent?When the forwards rate (kf[A]) equals equal reverse rate (kr[B]), the system has reached equilibrium and the concentrations of the reactant and product have stopped changing.
What in chemistry are KF and KR?Chemical kinetics governs all chemical reactions, whether they are reversible or not.So, by applying the idea of chemical kinetics, we may better grasp the equilibrium constant K.As illustrated below, let kr be the rate of the reverse reaction and kf be the rate of the forward reaction.
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An object moving with a speed of 24 m/s has a kinetic energy of 356 J, what is the mass of the object.
Taking into account the definition of kinetic energy, the object moving with a speed of 24 m/s and a kinetic energy of 356 J has a mass of 1.236 kg.
Definition of kinetic energyKinetic energy is defined as the energy associated with bodies that are in motion.
Kinetic energy is defined as the amount of work necessary to accelerate a body of a certain mass and in a position of rest, until it reaches a certain speed.
Kinetic energy is represented by the following expression:
Ec = 1/2×m×v²
Where:
Ec is kinetic energy, which is measured in Joules (J).m is mass measured in kilograms (kg).v is velocity measured in meters over seconds (m/s).Mass of the objetc in this caseIn this case, you know:
Ec= 356 Jm= ?v= 24 m/sReplacing in the definition of kinetic energy:
356 J = 1/2× m× (24 m/s)²
Solving:
356 J÷ [1/2× (24 m/s)²]= m
1.236 kg= m
Finally, the mass of the object is 1.236 kg.
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Suppose that a certain fortunate person has a net worth of $77.0 billion ($ 7.70×1010 ). If her stock has a good year and gains $3.20 billion ( 3.20×109 ) in value, what is her new net worth?
Express your answer to three digits.
The new net worth of the person is equal to 80.2 × 10⁹.
What are significant digits?Significant figures can be used to generate numbers that will be written in the form of digits. We can also evaluate the number of significant digits by counting the numbers from the 1st non-zero digit placed on the left.
In the case of addition or subtraction, the number of significant figures will be the same as the value with the fewest significant digits.
Given, the net worth of the person, A = 77 billion = $ 77 × 10⁹
The person's stock gains in the following year, I = $ 3.20 billion
I = $ 3.20 × 10⁹
The new net worth of the person, A(new) = A + I
A (new) = 77 × 10⁹ + 3.20 × 10⁹
A (new) = $ 80.2 × 10⁹
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for the reaction below identify the structure of the product with appropriate formal charges and the appropriate number of hydrogens on the nitrogen atom
The given question is incomplete, hence, can not be answered. Still, adding some relevant information for your reference.
What are formal charges?
Formal charge (FC) is the charge associated with the atoms in a molecule, assuming that the electrons of all chemical bonds are shared equally between atoms, regardless of their relative electronegativities. In determining the optimal Lewis structure (or dominant resonance structure) of a molecule, structures are chosen such that the formal charge of each atom is as close to zero as possible.
In chemistry, the formal charge in the covalent view of a chemical bond is assigned to the atoms in a molecule assuming that all chemical bond electrons are equally shared between atoms, regardless of their relative electronegativities. is the virtual charge that Simply put, the formal charge is the difference between the number of valence electrons of an atom in the neutral free state and the number assigned to that atom in the Lewis structure. In determining the optimal Lewis structure (or dominant resonance structure) of a molecule, structures are chosen such that the formal charge of each atom is as close to zero as possible.
The given question is incomplete, hence, can not be answered. Still, adding some relevant information for your reference.
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Chemistry Worksheet, Atomic Number and Mass Number
Atoms are composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons. It is the difference in the numbers of protons in the atoms that determine the different elements. You can determine the composition of an atom of any element from its atomic number and its mass number. What is the difference between mass number and atomic number?
What is meant by the statement "Atoms are electrically neutral" ?
What does the atomic number of each atom represent?
The atomic number of an atom is the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom, while the mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. The atomic number is unique to each element and determines the identity of the element, while the mass number is a measure of the mass of the atom and can vary within an element.
Atoms are electrically neutral when the number of protons in the nucleus is equal to the number of electrons orbiting the nucleus. This means that the positive charge of the protons is balanced by the negative charge of the electrons, resulting in an overall neutral charge for the atom.
The atomic number of each atom represents the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom. This number is unique to each element and determines the identity of the element. For example, the atomic number of hydrogen is 1, which means that it has one proton in its nucleus and is therefore a unique element. The atomic number is used to arrange the elements in the periodic table and is an important property of atoms.
A class of widely used chemical coolants known as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) have been adopted as replacements for chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC) in refrigerators and air conditioners. Based on the results of a NASA-derived atmospheric chemistry climateâ model, HFCs cause all except which of the following?
Chlorine atoms are released when CFCs, which are composed of chlorine, fluorine, and carbon, degrade over time as a result of exposure to UV radiation, and these atoms interact with the ozone molecule to destroy it.
Because they contain hydrogen, HCFCs degrade in the atmosphere more quickly than CFCs do. As a result, HCFCs have less potential to cause global warming as well as ozone depletion. Because they don't contain chlorine, HFCs don't help destroy stratospheric ozone.
Does AC still use CFC?All new products don't contain CFCs, which were completely phased out of production in 1995. Your local air conditioning expert can replace very old air conditioners with more modern, environmentally friendly models if they still contain CFCs.
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Question-"A class of widely used chemical coolants known as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) have been adopted as replacements for chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC) in refrigerators and air conditioners. Based on the results of a NASA-derived atmospheric chemistry climateâ model, HFCs cause all except which of the following?"
Infants born with severe respiratory problems are sometimes given liquid ventilation. They breathe a liquid that can dissolve more oxygen than air can hold. One of these liquids is a flourinated compound, CF3(CF2)7Br. The solubility of oxygen in this liquid is 66mL O2 per 100mL of liquid. In contrast, air is 21% oxygen by volume. Calculate the moles of O2 present in an infant's lungs (volume:17mL) if the infant takes a full breath of air. Assume a pressure of 101.3kPa in the lungs.
The moles of [tex]O_{2}[/tex] present in an infant's lungs, if the infant takes a full breath of air is [tex]1.46*10^{-4}[/tex] moles
We can calculate the moles in the following way
We have been given the following data,
The infant takes a full breath of air
Full breath of air= volume of lungs of the infant= 17 mL= [tex]\frac{17}{1000}[/tex] L
Pressure inside lungs(P)= 101.3* [tex]10^{3}[/tex] Pa= 1 atm
Temperature(T)= Room temperature= 298 K
Volume of Oxygen(V)= 21% of total volume of lungs= 21% of 17 mL
= [tex]\frac{21*17}{100}[/tex] mL
= 3.57 mL
= [tex]\frac{3.57}{1000}[/tex] L
Now, let the number of moles of oxygen the infant breathes be n.
Since PV=nRT
Therefore, n= [tex]\frac{PV}{RT}[/tex]
We know that the value of R is 0.082 L atm/K mol
n = [tex]\frac{(1* 3.57)}{(0.082*298*1000)}[/tex] moles of oxygen
= [tex]1.46*10^{-4}[/tex] moles of oxygen
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Consider a gradient elution run of non-polar compounds in reverse
phase HPLC with a methanol-water gradient. Does the mobile phase
start as pure water and then end up as pure methanol or is it done the
other way? Explain your reasoning fully.
The order of elution in reversed-phase HPLC is different from that in a normal-phase separation, with more polar solutes eluting first. The mobile phase's polarity is increased to produce longer retention periods.
What is HPLC ?A method in analytical chemistry called high-performance liquid chromatography, formerly known as high-pressure liquid chromatography, is used to separate, recognize, and quantify each component in a mixture.
To obtain a consistent increase in the organic solvent (usually methanol or acetonitrile) over the course of the study, gradients in reversed-phase HPLC typically use on-line (dynamic) mixing of solvents. This increases the elution strength of the eluent over time.
Thus, In contrast to the normal phase HPLC, which employs a polar stationary phase and a less polar mobile phase, the reverse phase HPLC makes use of a nonpolar stationary phase and a polar mobile phase.
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In solid NaCI, each sodium ion is surrounded by six chlorine ions and each chlorine ion is surrounded by six sodium ions. This arrangement results in a ?
The chlorine and sodium atoms in this configuration form a crystal lattice, a crystal structure made up of powerful ionic bonds.
What is a crystal lattice?The symmetrical, three-dimensional structural configuration of points representing atoms, ions, or molecules that make up a crystalline solid is known as the crystal lattice.
It can be characterized as the spatial geometrical arrangement of the atoms, ions, or molecules that make up the crystalline solid.
The cubic lattice of rock salt, NaCl, which has half of its lattice points occupied by sodium atoms and half by chlorine atoms, is one of the most prevalent structures.
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2020 national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants: miscellaneous organic chemical manufacturing residual risk and technology review
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is proposing national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants (NESHAP) for the miscellaneous organic chemical manufacturing (MOCM) source category.
What are Air pollutants?
Air pollutants are substances in the air that can have negative impacts on the environment, human health, and the planet. Common air pollutants include ozone, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and lead.
The proposed standards would include national emission limits for hazardous air pollutants (HAP) and work practice standards to reduce emissions of HAP from existing and new MOCM sources. The proposed standards would also require risk and technology reviews to ensure that residual risk to human health and the environment is minimized and that the most stringent emission limits and work practice standards are implemented. The technology review would include a review of available control technologies, as well as a review of the remaining health and environmental risks after controls are implemented. The risk review would consider the overall risk to public health and the environment from the MOCM source category, including both source-specific and cumulative risk. The proposed standards would also require compliance demonstrations, periodic monitoring, recordkeeping, and reporting.
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