Answer:
true
Explanation:
college students have stress they need comfort foods
research on aging suggests that as cells age, their rate of cell division decreases until they ultimately no longer divide. which of the following would provide evidence that the decreased rate of cell division is a cellular response related to cell signaling? decreased numbers of cytoplasmic ribosomes decreased affinity of growth factor receptors for their respective ligands decreased hormone production in aged cells decreased atp production in aged cells
The statement which provides evidence about the decreased rate of cell division is B)Decreased affinity of growth factor receptors for their respective ligands. So, correct option is B.
In each of the 4 tissues, there was a critical decline in cell division rates with age. Conversely, cell division rates didn't diminish in that frame of mind of matured mice, and just little abatements were seen in their small digestive tract or throat. These outcomes have significant ramifications for grasping the connection between ordinary undeveloped cells, maturing, and disease. Besides, they give a conceivable clarification to the baffling age-subordinate deceleration in disease frequency in exceptionally old people however not in mice.
Another assessment of recently distributed information recommended to us that the amassing of changes could slow, as opposed to increment, as people age. To make sense of this surprising finding, we estimated that ordinary undifferentiated cell division rates could diminish as we age. To test this speculation, we assessed cell division rates in the epithelium of human colonic, duodenal, esophageal, and back ethmoid sinonasal tissues.
Hence, correct option is B.
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(Complete question) is:
Research on aging suggests that as cells age, their rate of cell division decreases until they ultimately no longer divide. Which of the following would provide evidence that the decreased rate of cell division is a cellular response related to cell signaling?
A. Decreased numbers of cytoplasmic ribosomes
B. Decreased affinity of growth factor receptors for their respective ligands
C. Decreased hormone production in aged cells
D. Decreased ATP production in aged cells
How Much Of The Suns Energy That Comes To Earth Is Used In Photosynthesis? What Happened To The Rest Of The Energy?
Answer:
Of all the energy that does reach Earth, slightly less than 34 percent is reflected back to space by clouds. The Earth itself reflects another 66 percent back to space. Less than one percent of the total energy that reaches Earth is used by plants for photosynthesis.
Explanation:
A student wanted to find out how temperature might affect the germination of seeds.
(1) What is the variable that should be changed?
(2) What is the variable that should be measured?
(3) What are the 3 important variables that should be kept constant?
Answer:
(1) The variable that should be changed is the temperature.
(2) The variable that should be measured is the germination rate of the seeds.
(3) The 3 important variables that should be kept constant are the type of seeds, the amount of water, and the amount of light. In order to isolate the effect of temperature on seed germination, it is important to keep these other variables constant so that they do not affect the results of the experiment.
The life supporting zone of the earth is *
A) Lithosphere
B) Hydrosphere
C) Atmosphere
D) Biospheres
Answer:
D
Explanation: Biospheres
4. Name one thing that might affect section B of the graph above.
5. Justify your reasoning for how it will affect that section.
One thing that can affect the section B in the given graph is Human greed.
What is exponential growth?When a population's per capita growth rate remains constant, regardless of population size, exponential growth occurs, causing the population to grow exponentially as the population increases.
Many seal populations are declining as a result of human avarice. Millions of seals were slaughtered in the past for their pricey meat, fat, and fur.
Because seals are blamed by fishermen for the loss in fish stocks, seals are still murdered in huge numbers in several nations.
Thus, this can affect section B of the graph.
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By the end of the Jurassic Period, the Sundance Sea was filled up with sediments and formed a swampy lowland known as
Morrison Foredeep
Panthalassa Moor
Franciscan Terrane
Great Black Swamp
Solenhofen Swamp
Answer:
Morrison Foredeep
Explanation:
Morrison Foredeep is a swampy lowland formed due to filling of Sundance Sea with sediments during Jurassic period. Series of sedimentary rocks deposited during the Jurassic Period in the western North America, from Montana to New Mexico. Morrison Formation is famous for the presence of dinosaur fossils, which have been collected since 1877 about more than a century ago beginning with a find near the town of Morrison, Colorado.
List advantages and disadvantages of using scientific models.
Answer:
Explanation:
disadvantages:
Models do not behave exactly like the things they represent. Accuracy—In order to make models simplistic enough to communicate ideas some accuracy is lost. For example, ball and stick models of atoms do not show all the details that scientists know about the structure of the atom.
advantages:
When students are engaged in scientific modeling, they are able to notice patterns and develop and revise representations that become useful models to predict and explain--making their own scientific knowledge stronger, helping them to think critically, and helping them know more about the nature of science.
The advantage of a scientific model is it allows complicated processes to be predicted and simplified. A model's drawback is that it could be deceptive and open to numerous interpretations.
What is a scientific model?The advantages are:
Students who participate in scientific modeling are better able to identify patterns and create and revise representations that become useful models to predict and explain, strengthening their own scientific knowledge and fostering critical thinking. They also gain a better understanding of the nature of science.The disadvantages are :
Models don't always act the same as the things they're meant to represent. Accuracy—Some accuracy is lost when models are simplified to the point where they can convey concepts. For instance, the specifics that scientists are aware of regarding the structure of the atom are not depicted in full by ball and stick representations of atoms.Thus, the advantage and disadvantages are written above.
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HELP IM ON LIMITED TIME
During photosynthesis, plants convert sunlight into what substance to be used for energy?
Select one:
iron sulfide
carbon dioxide
oxygen
glucose
glucose is the answer because that causes energy
Answer:
The correct answer is glucose. During photosynthesis, plants use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose, which is used for energy. Glucose is a simple sugar molecule that can be used by plants and animals for energy.
jpshindell13
Explanation:
HELP! Some organisms like squirrels will give a warning call if a predator is near. Why do squirrels do this if they threaten their own existence?
Answer:
This can help the group to avoid danger and increase their chances of survival. While giving a warning call may put the individual squirrel at risk, the benefits of warning the rest of the group can outweigh this cost. Additionally, some research has suggested that animals that give warning calls are less likely to be targeted by predators, as the calls can alert the predator to the presence of the group and make it more difficult for the predator to catch any individual member of the group. Overall, giving warning calls can be an effective strategy for increasing the survival chances of the group as a whole.
What happens if the mass of the elements is greater compared to smaller ?
Hello. More information is needed to answer your question accurately. However, I will try to help you in the best possible way
If you are referring to what happens if the mass of an atom is greater compared to an atomic number, we can say that there is nothing too much, since it is normal for the atoms to have a mass slightly greater than the atomic number. The mass of an atom can never be less than the number of protons added to the number of neutrons. An atom with greater mass has a greater number of electrons and neutrons in relation to an atom of less mass and it is likely that the atom of less mass will donate or share electron with the atom of greater mass so that both reach the electric balance.
A 163163 square-kilometer (km2km2) small island is found 2,000km2,000km from the mainland. A second, larger, 230,000km2230,000km2 island is found 1,000km1,000km from the mainland. Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following statements is most likely true about the small island when compared with the large island?
Based on the theory of island biogeography, the statement that is most likely true about small islands when compared to large islands is that the rate of immigration is lower for small islands than for large islands.
Island theory of biogeography explains differences in species diversity based on island size (for example, large islands tend to have more of a given species category than small islands). This means that the number of species found on an island will be determined by the area of the island.
Island biogeography theory says that small and distant islands support fewer species (types) than large islands close to the mainland. Island occupancy will be a balance of two things:
Colonization of islands by immigrant species. The colonization rate will be high if the island is located near the mainland.The extinction of species on the island. The extinction rate will be higher on a small island because the population is limited, so if a disease becomes a pandemic, the chance of extinction is high. Thus, large islands will have more species, and small islands few species.The question is multiple choice:
A. The rate of immigration is lower for the small island than for the large island.B. The small island has niches that are more like the mainland than the large island.C. The small island has more available resources than the large island.D. The rate of species extinction is lower on the small island than on the large island.Learn more about island biogeography theory at https://brainly.com/question/30027682
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The basic elements of the nervous system are called Multiple Choice erythrocytes. neurotransmitters. neurons. neutrophils.
The basic elements of the nervous system are called neurons (Option C).
What are the neuron cells of the nervous system?The neuron cells of the nervous system are the most important cells of this organ system which are responsible for receiving and sending messages to the brain and thus transducing the signals from the surrounding environment
These cells (the neuron cells of the nervous system) are also known as nerve cells due to their relative importance in this organ system and s they receive sensory signals from the surrounding conditions and also motor executive functions to the muscle cells.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the neuron cells of the nervous system are the most important cells of the nervous system whose main function is to transmit messages from the surrounding input environment to functions that are processed into the brain.
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In dogs, gums can be pink - P (dominant), black- B (dominant), and pink with black spots. Write the genotypes for the following phenotypes .
Osmotic pressure is: the pressure required to stop the flow of solvent from a region of high solute concentration to a region of low solute concentration. the pressure required to stop the rupture of the semipermeable membrane. the pressure required to reverse the flow of solvent through a semipermeable membrane during osmosis. the pressure required to stop the flow of solvent from a region of low solute concentration through a semipermeable membrane into a region of high solute concentration. None of these
Answer:
the pressure required to stop the flow of solvent from a region of low solute concentration through a semipermeable membrane into a region of high solute concentration.
Explanation:
Osmosis is the movement of water (solvent molecule) from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration via a semipermeable membrane.
Osmotic pressure is the pressure (force) applied to a given solvent in order to prevent it's movement via osmosis across a semipermeable membrane. Since, osmotic pressure is the pressure required to stop osmotic process, then it can be further defined as follows:
Osmotic pressure is the pressure required to stop the flow of solvent from a region of low solute concentration through a semipermeable membrane into a region of high solute concentration.
Explain the relationship between mutations, adaptations,
natural selection, and extinction.
Answer: A mutation results in different alleles for a gene and these different alleles will cause adaptations that may be favorable or unfavorable. If no species in an area has adaptations suited for the environment after it changes, extinction will occur.Adaptations result from random mutations in the genes of organisms. Depending on the environment, these adaptations may be favorable or unfavorable. If an adaptation is favorable, it is selected by nature and, over time, more and more organisms in a population will have it. If the environment changes so much that the adaptations of a species are no longer enough for the species to survive, extinction will occur.Mutations is very different because it results in different alleles for a gene.Adaptations is where an animals ADAPTS to an environment.Natural selection consists of overproduction,variation, favorable adaptations.extinction is when a species completely disintegrates.
Explanation:
Answer:
A mutation results in different alleles for a gene and these different alleles will cause adaptations that may be favorable or unfavorable. If no species in an area has adaptations suited for the environment after it changes, extinction will occur.Adaptations result from random mutations in the genes of organisms. Depending on the environment, these adaptations may be favorable or unfavorable. If an adaptation is favorable, it is selected by nature and, over time, more and more organisms in a population will have it. If the environment changes so much that the adaptations of a species are no longer enough for the species to survive, extinction will occur.Mutations is very different because it results in different alleles for a gene.Adaptations is where an animals ADAPTS to an environment.Natural selection consists of overproduction,variation, favorable adaptations.extinction is when a species completely disintegrates.
Explanation: got it on ed :)
Angelman syndrome is caused by a mutation in a paternally imprinted gene on chromosome 15. Which of the following statements is true? Select all that apply. Deletion of the paternal gene copy (but normal maternal copy) could produce the syndrome Children of affected females have a 50% chance of showing the syndrome Meiotic nondisjunction of a normal paternal chromosome 15 accompanied by loss of a normal maternal chromosome 15 in a zygote could produce the syndrome Meiotic nondisjunction of a normal maternal chromosome 15 accompanied by loss of a normal paternal chromosome 15 in a zygote could produce the syndrome Children of affected males have a 50% chance of showing the syndrome Deletion of the maternal gene copy (but normal paternal copy) could produce the syndrome
The following statements are true for the production of Angelman syndrome:
2. Children of affected females have a 50% chance.
3. Meiotic nondisjunction of a normal paternal chromosome 15 accompanied by loss of a normal maternal chromosome 15
6. Deletion of the maternal gene copy
The mutated or missing maternal copy of a portion of chromosome 15 causes Angelman syndrome. Most of the time, it is because of the gene UBE3A, which is on chromosome 15 at the 15q11 to 15q13 locus. It encodes the ubiquitin protein, which is necessary for the electron transport chain and various functions of the cell membrane.
In most cases, this father-inherited gene is deactivated in the cortex, thalamus, and hippocampus of the brain. In these regions, the only source of genetic information for ubiquitin synthesis is the maternal gene. Therefore, neurological symptoms result from any mutation or deletion of this gene or a portion of chromosome 15 in the maternal gamete. The offspring are unaffected by mutations in the paternal gamete.
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Give the % yield if 1.78 g of O₂ is produced
%Yield =
Actual Yield/
Theoretical Yield x 100%
%Yield = _________x 100%.
= ____?______ %
a) The mass of the oxygen is 1.97 g
b) The percent yield is 90.4 %
c) The mass of the oxygen is 1.55 g
What is the percent yield?We know that the percent yield has to do with the amount of the reactants that has been converted into products in the given reaction. In this case, the reaction that we are dealing with is the decomposition of the potassium oxo chlorate V molecule.
Now we have that;
a) Number of moles of the chlorate = 5 g/122.5 g/mol
= 0.041 moles
If 2 moles of the chlorate produces 3 moles of the oxygen
0.041 moles of the chlorate produces 3 moles * 0.041 moles/ 2 moles
= 0.0615 moles
Mass of the oxygen produced = 0.0615 moles * 32 g/mol
= 1.97 g
b) Percent yield = Actual/Theoretical * 100/1
= 1.78/1.97 * 100/1
= 90.4 %
c) For a percent yield of 78.5% =
Actual = Percent yield * Theoretical /100
= 78.5 * 1.97/100
= 1.55 g
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% yield = (1.78 g / theoretical yield) × 100%
To calculate the percent yield, you need to know the actual yield and the theoretical yield of the reaction.
In this case, the actual yield is given as 1.78 g of O₂. The theoretical yield represents the maximum amount of product that can be obtained under ideal conditions.
To calculate the theoretical yield, you need to know the balanced chemical equation for the reaction. Assuming the reaction is complete, the coefficients of the balanced equation can be used to determine the stoichiometry of the reaction.
For example, if the balanced equation is:
2 A + 3 B → 4 C + 2 D
Then, you can use the stoichiometry to find the theoretical yield. Let's say the molar mass of O₂ is 32 g/mol. In this case, we need to calculate the moles of O₂ using the given mass of 1.78 g:
moles of O₂ = mass of O₂ / molar mass of O₂
Next, we need to use the stoichiometry to find the moles of the desired product. Let's assume that O₂ is the limiting reactant and that it is completely converted to the product. From the balanced equation, we can see that 4 moles of C are produced for every 2 moles of O₂:
moles of C = moles of O₂ × (4 moles of C / 2 moles of O₂)
Now that we have the moles of C, we can calculate the theoretical yield of C in grams by multiplying the moles by the molar mass of C.
theoretical yield of C = moles of C × molar mass of C
Finally, we can calculate the percent yield using the formula:
% yield = (actual yield / theoretical yield) × 100%
Substituting the values we calculated:
% yield = (1.78 g / theoretical yield) × 100%
Please note that without the balanced chemical equation and additional information, it is not possible to provide a specific numerical answer for the percent yield.
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From the list below, select ALL of the structures that are part of the sexual life cycle of Basidiomycota. [Do not select any structures that are part of asexual reproduction.) Conidia Ascospore Basidiospore Zygospore Rhizopus sporangium Conidiospore Ascus Basidium
Basidiospore, Basidium, Ascus are the structures that are part of the sexual life cycle of Basidiomycota.
Basidiomycota are a group of fungi that reproduce sexually through a process called basidiomycetous reproduction. In this process, the fungi produce special reproductive structures called basidia, which are located on the surface of the fruiting body (also known as the basidiocarp). The basidia contain special cells called basidiospores, which are released when the basidia mature and burst. The basidiospores are then carried away by wind or other means and can germinate to form new fungal cells. The process of basidiomycetous reproduction also involves the formation of asci, which are special cells that contain ascospores. These ascospores are produced through meiosis and can give rise to new fungal cells when they germinate. The structures listed above that are NOT part of the sexual life cycle of Basidiomycota include conidia, conidiospores, zygospores, and rhizopus sporangium, which are all involved in asexual reproduction.
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Define the following terms: catabolism, anabolism, metabolism, glucose, glycolysis, glycogen, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, lipogenesis
Catabolism: The breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy; destructive metabolism.
Anabolism: the synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of energy; constructive metabolism.
Metabolism: Metabolism is the process by which the body changes food and drink into energy. During this process, calories in food and drinks mix with oxygen to make the energy the body needs. Even at rest, a body needs energy for all it does.
Glucose: a simple sugar which is an important energy source in living organisms and is a component of many carbohydrates.
Glycolysis: Glycolysis is the first step in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy for cellular metabolism. Glycolysis consists of an energy-requiring phase followed by an energy-releasing phase.
Glycogen: Glycogen is the stored form of glucose that's made up of many connected glucose molecules.
Glycogenesis: The formation of glycogen from sugar.
Glycogenolysis: Glycogenolysis is the biochemical pathway in which glycogen breaks down into glucose-1-phosphate and glucose. The reaction takes place in the hepatocytes and the myocytes. The process is under the regulation of two key enzymes: phosphorylase kinase and glycogen phosphorylase.
Gluconeogenesis: Gluconeogenesis is a process that transforms non-carbohydrate substrates (such as lactate, amino acids, and glycerol) into glucose.
Lipolysis: the breakdown of fats and other lipids by hydrolysis to release fatty acids.
Lipogenesis: lipogenesis is the conversion of fatty acids and glycerol into fats, or a metabolic process through which acetyl-CoA is converted to.
5. How does the current leaving the cell in a parallel circuit compare
with the current in a series circuit, if both circuits have the same
type of cell and the same number of identical flashlight bulbs?
Answer:
circuit compare
with the current in a series circuit, if both circuits have the same
type of cell and the same number of identical flashlight bulbs?
rank the following cells and particles in order according to size, with the smallest at the top and largest at the bottom.
The rank of particles in order according to size, with the smallest at the top and the largest at the bottom:
1. Protein
2. T2 bacteriophage
3. Influenza virus
4. E. coli bacterium
5. Eukaryotic cell
Protein- 3-6 nm, Proteins are in charge of nearly every aspect of cellular life, including the internal organization and shape of cells, the production of products, the removal of waste, and routine maintenance.
T2 bacteriophage- 60 nm, Enterobacteria phage T2 is a virus that infects and kills E. coli. It belongs to the family Myoviridae and the genus Tequatrovirus.
Influenza virus- 60 to 160 nm, An infection of the respiratory system's nose, throat, and lungs is known as the flu (influenza).
E. coli bacterium- 2000 nm, A Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped coliform bacterium belonging to the genus Escherichia.
Eukaryotic cell- 10,000 nm, eukaryote, any cell or organism with a distinct nucleus. The eukaryotic cell has an atomic layer.
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(complete question)
rank the following cells and particles in order according to size, with the smallest at the top and the largest at the bottom.
E. coli bacterium, Eukaryotic cell, T2 bacteriophage, Protein, Influenza virus
SOMEONEEEEEE PLEASE HELP ILL GIVE 20 POINTSZ!
Answer:
YOU SAID 20 POINTS AN DYOU GIVEN ME 5 HUN NO THANK YOU BYE
Explanation:
ANSWER;20
PRETTY PLEASE ANSWER BY TONIGHT, THANK YOU! : Tall red-flowered plants are crossed with short white-flowered plants. The resulting F1 generation consists of all tall pink-flowered plants. Assuming that height is a simple case of dominance and flower color involved incomplete dominance, determine the results of an F1 cross of TtRW plants. Determine the gametes, then using a Punnett square, find the genotypes and phenotypes of the F2 generation.
Result of F1 cross:
Genotypes of F2 offspring would be 1 TTRR, 2 TTRW, 2 TtRR, 4 TtRW, 1 TTWW, 2 TtWW, 1 ttRR, 2 ttRW, and 1 ttWW
The phenotypes of F2 offspring would be tall and red-flowered, tall and white-flowered, tall and pink-flowered, short and red-flowered, short and white-flowered, and short and pink-flowered.
Dihybrid crossingThe cross is between two TtRW plants. The height (Tt) exhibits simple dominance/recessiveness while the color (RW) exhibits incomplete dominance.
TtRW gametes: TR, TW, tR, and tW
Crossing two TtRW:
TtRW x TtRW
Offspring genotype and phenotype
1 TTRR: tall, red-flowered2 TTRW: tall, pink-flowered2 TtRR: tall, red-flowered4 TtRW: tall, pink-flowered1 TTWW: tall, white-flowered2 TtWW: tall, white-flowered1 ttRR: short, red-flowered2 ttRW: short, pink-flowered1 ttWW: short, white-floweredMore on dihybrid crosses can be found here: https://brainly.com/question/1185199
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At times during a month, there is no moon visible from earth, even on a clear night. Which phase of the moon is this?
o third quarter moon
O full moon
O first quarter moon
O new moon
Mutational signatures of p53 are shown in the figure (G.P. Pfeifer et al., Nature, 21(48), 2002) for the three types of cancer with the highest death rates in the United States: lung (~225,000 deaths in 2016), breast (246,000), and colorectal (381,000).
As shown under each graph in the figure, particular transversions (replacement of a pyrimidine by a purine of vice versa) or transitions (replacement of a purine or pyrimidine by the alternative purine or pyrimidine) are features of specific mutational signatures.
Based on these data, identify the transversion or transition that seems to be induced by cigarette smoke.
The transversion or transition that seems to be induced by cigarette smoke is due to tranversions.
What is the result of mutation?A mutation has been known as the result of the changes in the structure of a gene, these variations would be happened in the nucleotide sequence of the genome, and it can be as the consequence of DNA damage.
One type of the DNA mutation has the substitution of one base pair for another. Two type of the substitutions that could be happened. One of them are the transversions, which are interchanges of a purine (A or G) for a pyrimidine (C or T) and vice versa.
Therefore, The transversion or transition that seems to be induced by cigarette smoke is due to tranversions.
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Compare the reproduction in Hydra and Amoeba?
Answer:
Hydra:
Reproduction by budding in Hydra.
Amoeba:
Reproduction by binary fission in Amoeba.
Hydra:
Budding means sexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from a bud in the parent.
Amoeba:
Binary fission is the type of asexual reproduction in which the parent divides to give rise to two daughter organisms.
Hydra:
In budding process, bud is simply an outgrowth of cells at one particular site.
Amoeba:
The parent replicates its genetic material and divides it equally between the two daughters in binary fission.
Hydra:
The bud or the newly formed organism remains attached to its parent until maturation.
Amoeba:
Both the cytoplasm and the nucleus of the parent divides into two.
What genes give cell the instructions
of what to differentiate into?
A. master control genes
B. enzyme genes
C. RNA
Answer:
This are the master control genes.
A. master control genes
In genetics, a master regulator is a gene at the top of a gene regulation hierarchy, particularly in regulatory pathways related to cell fate and differentiation.Master regulatory refers to a substance or process that regulates or controls another. In genetics, a master regulatory gene codes for a factor capable of regulating expression of another (downstream) gene.How they work?
They produce proteins that act as transcription factors to produce proteins specific to the function of the particular cell type. They are often capable of changing some fully differentiated cells of different types into their particular cell type.Thus, option A is correct.
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are plasmids plant,animal or bacteria cell?
Answer:
Bacteria
Explanation:
A plasmid is a small, often circular DNA molecule found in bacteria and other cells. Plasmids are separate from the bacterial chromosome and replicate independently of it. They generally carry only a small number of genes, notably some associated with antibiotic resistance.
what is the meaning of eliminated
Answer:
completely remove or get rid of (something)
Answer:
the act of considering and rejecting each possible choice until only one is left or removing soming. for example in squid games everyone got killed/eliminated at the end but ONLY ONE won.
Cytokinesis in animal cells is accomplished by constriction of the cell along the plane of cell division (formation of a cleavage furrow).
a. True
b. False
Answer:
A) True
Explanation:
Cytokinesis can be regarded as a physical process which brings about cell division, that enables division of cytoplasm of parental cell and turn it two daughter cells. It can take place with both mitosis and meiosis concurrently which are nuclear division that occurs in animal cells. Cytokinesis In animal cells can be achieved as a result of of formation of cleavage furrow by a contractile ring of microtubules of the cell, which brings about division of cell membrane to half.
The microtubules which is utilized during cytokinesis are ones that are been generated at early stages of division and they have a part to play in the restructuring of the new cell